@article {johnson_nutritional_2022,
	title = {Nutritional response of a coccolithophore to changing pH and temperature},
	journal = {Limnology and Oceanography},
	volume = {n/a},
	number = {n/a},
	year = {2022},
	note = {_eprint: https://aslopubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/lno.12204},
	abstract = {Coccolithophores are a calcifying unicellular phytoplankton group that are at the base of the marine food web, and their lipid content provides a source of energy to consumers. Coccolithophores are vulnerable to ocean acidification and warming, therefore it is critical to establish the effects of climate change on these significant marine primary producers, and determine potential consequences that these changes can have on their consumers. Here, we quantified the impact of changes in pH and temperature on the nutritional condition (lipid content, particulate organic carbon/nitrogen), growth rate, and morphology of the most abundant living coccolithophore species, Emiliania huxleyi. We used a regression type approach with nine pH levels (ranging from 7.66 to 8.44) and two temperatures (15{\textdegree}C and 20{\textdegree}C). Lipid production was greater under reduced pH, and growth rates were distinctly lower at 15{\textdegree}C than at 20{\textdegree}C. The production potential of lipids, which estimates the availability of lipids to consumers, increased under 20{\textdegree}C, but decreased under low pH. The results indicate that, while consumers will benefit energetically under ocean warming, this benefit will be mitigated by ocean acidification. The carbon to nitrogen ratio was higher at 20{\textdegree}C and low pH, indicating that the nutritional quality of coccolithophores for consumers will decline under climate change. The impact of low pH on the structural integrity of the coccosphere may also mean that coccolithophores are easier to digest for consumers. Many responses suggest cellular stress, indicating that increases in temperature and reductions in pH may have a negative impact on the ecophysiology of coccolithophores.},
	keywords = {RCC1832},
	issn = {1939-5590},
	doi = {10.1002/lno.12204},
	url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/lno.12204},
	author = {Johnson, Roberta and Langer, Gerald and Rossi, Sergio and Probert, Ian and Mammone, Marta and Ziveri, Patrizia}
}
@article {Rosas-Navarro2018,
	title = {Temperature effects on sinking velocity of different Emiliania huxleyi strains},
	journal = {PLOS ONE},
	volume = {13},
	number = {3},
	year = {2018},
	note = {ISBN: 1111111111 tex.mendeley-tags: IAN01,RCC1252,RCC1710},
	pages = {e0194386},
	abstract = {The sinking properties of three strains of Emiliania huxleyi in response to temperature changes were examined. We used a recently proposed approach to calculate sinking velocities from coccosphere architecture, which has the advantage to be applicable not only to culture samples, but also to field samples including fossil material. Our data show that temperature in the sub-optimal range impacts sinking velocity of E. huxleyi. This response is widespread among strains isolated in different locations and moreover comparatively predictable, as indicated by the similar slopes of the linear regressions. Sinking velocity was positively correlated to temperature as well as individual cell PIC/POC over the sub-optimum to optimum temperature range in all strains. In the context of climate change our data point to an important influence of global warming on sinking velocities. It has recently been shown that seawater acidification has no effect on sinking velocity of a Mediterranean E. huxleyi strain, while nutrient limitation seems to have a small negative effect on sinking velocity. Given that warming, acidification, and lowered nutrient availability will occur simultaneously under climate change scenarios, the question is what the net effect of different influential factors will be. For example, will the effects of warming and nutrient limitation cancel? This question cannot be answered conclusively but analyses of field samples in addition to laboratory culture studies will improve predictions because in field samples multi-factor influences and even evolutionary changes are not excluded. As mentioned above, the approach of determining sinking rate followed here is applicable to field samples. Future studies could use it to analyse not only seasonal and geographic patterns but also changes in sinking velocity over geological time scales.},
	keywords = {IAN01, rcc1252, rcc1710},
	issn = {1932-6203},
	doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0194386},
	url = {http://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0194386},
	author = {Rosas-Navarro, Anaid and Langer, Gerald and Ziveri, Patrizia},
	editor = {Johnson, Colin}
}
@article {Rosas-Navarro2016,
	title = {Temperature affects the morphology and calcification of Emiliania huxleyi strains},
	journal = {Biogeosciences},
	volume = {13},
	number = {10},
	year = {2016},
	note = {tex.mendeley-tags: 2016,rcc1252,rcc1710},
	month = {may},
	pages = {2913{\textendash}2926},
	abstract = {The global warming debate has sparked an unprecedented interest in temperature effects on coccolithophores. The calcification response to temperature changes reported in the literature, however, is ambiguous. The two main sources of this ambiguity are putatively differences in experimental setup and strain specificity. In this study we therefore compare three strains isolated in the North Pacific under identical experimental conditions. Three strains of Emiliania huxleyi type A were grown under non-limiting nutrient and light conditions, at 10, 15, 20 and 25 {\textdegree}C. All three strains displayed similar growth rate versus temperature relationships, with an optimum at 20{\textendash}25 {\textdegree}C. Elemental production (particulate inorganic carbon (PIC), particulate organic carbon (POC), total particulate nitrogen (TPN)), coccolith mass, coccolith size, and width of the tube element cycle were positively correlated with temperature over the sub-optimum to optimum temperature range. The correlation between PIC production and coccolith mass/size supports the notion that coccolith mass can be used as a proxy for PIC production in sediment samples. Increasing PIC production was significantly positively correlated with the percentage of incomplete coccoliths in one strain only. Generally, coccoliths were heavier when PIC production was higher. This shows that incompleteness of coccoliths is not due to time shortage at high PIC production. Sub-optimal growth temperatures lead to an increase in the percentage of malformed coccoliths in a strain-specific fashion. Since in total only six strains have been tested thus far, it is presently difficult to say whether sub-optimal temperature is an important factor causing malformations in the field. The most important parameter in biogeochemical terms, the PIC : POC ratio, shows a minimum at optimum growth temperature in all investigated strains. This clarifies the ambiguous picture featuring in the literature, i.e. discrepancies between PIC : POC{\textendash}temperature relationships reported in different studies using different strains and different experimental setups. In summary, global warming might cause a decline in coccolithophore{\textquoteright}s PIC contribution to the rain ratio, as well as improved fitness in some genotypes due to fewer coccolith malformations.},
	keywords = {2016, rcc1252, rcc1710},
	issn = {1726-4189},
	doi = {10.5194/bg-13-2913-2016},
	url = {http://www.biogeosciences.net/13/2913/2016/},
	author = {Rosas-Navarro, Anaid and Langer, Gerald and Ziveri, Patrizia}
}
