@article {ruan_different_2023,
	title = {Different photosynthetic responses of haploid and diploid Emiliania huxleyi (Prymnesiophyceae) to high light and ultraviolet radiation},
	journal = {Bioresources and Bioprocessing},
	volume = {10},
	number = {1},
	year = {2023},
	month = {jul},
	pages = {40},
	abstract = {Solar radiation varies quantitatively and qualitatively while penetrating through the seawater column and thus is one of the most important environmental factors shaping the vertical distribution pattern of phytoplankton. The haploid and diploid life-cycle phases of coccolithophores might have different vertical distribution preferences. Therefore, the two phases respond differently to high solar photosynthetically active radiation (PAR, 400{\textendash}700~nm) and ultraviolet radiation (UVR, 280{\textendash}400~nm). To test this, the haploid and diploid Emiliania huxleyi were exposed to oversaturating irradiance. In the presence of PAR alone, the effective quantum yield was reduced by 10\% more due to the higher damage rate of photosystem II in haploid cells than in diploid cells. The addition of UVR resulted in further inhibition of the quantum yield for both haploid and diploid cells in the first 25~min, partly because of the increased damage of photosystem II. Intriguingly, this UVR-induced inhibition of the haploid cells completely recovered half an hour later. This recovery was confirmed by the comparable maximum quantum yields, maximum relative electron transport rates and yields of the haploid cells treated with PAR and PAR + UVR. Our data indicated that photosynthesis of the haploid phase was more sensitive to high visible light than the diploid phase but resistant to UVR-induced inhibition, reflecting the ecological niches to which this species adapts.},
	keywords = {Diploid phase, Effective quantum yield, Emiliania huxleyi, Haploid phase, rcc1217, Ultraviolet radiation (UVR)},
	issn = {2197-4365},
	doi = {10.1186/s40643-023-00660-5},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1186/s40643-023-00660-5},
	author = {Ruan, Zuoxi and Lu, Meifang and Lin, Hongmin and Chen, Shanwen and Li, Ping and Chen, Weizhou and Xu, Huijuan and Qiu, Dajun}
}
@article {vazquez_high-co2_2022,
	title = {High-CO2 Levels Rather than Acidification Restrict Emiliania huxleyi Growth and Performance},
	journal = {Microbial Ecology},
	year = {2022},
	abstract = {The coccolithophore Emiliania huxleyi shows a variety of responses to ocean acidification (OA) and to high-CO2 concentrations, but there is still controversy on differentiating between these two factors when using different strains and culture methods. A heavily calcified type A strain isolated from the Norwegian Sea was selected and batch cultured in order to understand whether acclimation to OA was mediated mainly by CO2 or H+, and how it impacted cell growth performance, calcification, and physiological stress management. Emiliania huxleyi responded differently to each acidification method. CO2-enriched aeration (1200 {\textmu}atm, pH 7.62) induced a negative effect on the cells when compared to acidification caused by decreasing pH alone (pH 7.60). The growth rates of the coccolithophore were more negatively affected by high pCO2 than by low pH without CO2 enrichment with respect to the control (400 {\textmu}atm, pH 8.1). High CO2 also affected cell viability and promoted the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which was not observed under low pH. This suggests a possible metabolic imbalance induced by high CO2 alone. In contrast, the affinity for carbon uptake was negatively affected by both low pH and high CO2. Photochemistry was only marginally affected by either acidification method when analysed by PAM fluorometry. The POC and PIC cellular quotas and the PIC:POC ratio shifted along the different phases of the cultures; consequently, calcification did not follow the same pattern observed in cell stress and growth performance. Specifically, acidification by HCl addition caused a higher proportion of severely deformed coccoliths, than CO2 enrichment. These results highlight the capacity of CO2 rather than acidification itself to generate metabolic stress, not reducing calcification.},
	keywords = {Calcification, coccolithophores, Emiliania huxleyi, Ocean acidification, pCO2, Photochemistry, phytoplankton, rcc1226, Stress},
	issn = {1432-184X},
	doi = {10.1007/s00248-022-02035-3},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s00248-022-02035-3},
	author = {V{\'a}zquez, V{\'\i}ctor and Le{\'o}n, Pablo and Gordillo, Francisco J. L. and Jim{\'e}nez, Carlos and Concepci{\'o}n, I{\~n}iguez and Mackenzie, Kevin and Bresnan, Eileen and Segovia, Mar{\'\i}a}
}
@article {Aveiro2020,
	title = {The polar lipidome of cultured emiliania huxleyi: A source of bioactive lipids with relevance for biotechnological applications},
	journal = {Biomolecules},
	volume = {10},
	number = {10},
	year = {2020},
	note = {tex.ids= Aveiro2020a tex.mendeley-tags: RCC1250 publisher: Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute},
	pages = {1434},
	abstract = {Polar lipids from microalgae have aroused greater interest as a natural source of omega-3 (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), an alternative to fish, but also as bioactive compounds with multiple applications. The present study aims to characterize the polar lipid profile of cultured microalga Emiliania huxleyi using hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry (HILIC{\textendash}MS) and fatty acids (FA) analysis by gas chromatography (GC{\textendash}MS). The lipidome of E. huxleyi revealed the presence of distinct n-3 PUFA (40\% of total FA), namely docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n-3) and stearidonic acid (18:4n-3), which give this microalga an increased commercial value as a source of n-3 PUFA present in the form of polar lipids. A total of 134 species of polar lipids were identified and some of these species, particularly glycolipids, have already been reported for their bioactive properties. Among betaine lipids, the diacylglyceryl carboxyhydroxymethylcholine (DGCC) class is the least reported in microalgae. For the first time, monomethylphosphatidylethanolamine (MMPE) has been found in the lipidome of E. huxleyi. Overall, this study highlights the potential of E. huxleyi as a sustainable source of high-value polar lipids that can be exploited for different applications, namely human and animal nutrition, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals.},
	keywords = {Emiliania huxleyi, haptophyta, Lipidomics, Mass spectrometry, Microalgae, RCC1250},
	issn = {2218-273X},
	doi = {10.3390/biom10101434},
	url = {https://www.mdpi.com/2218-273X/10/10/1434},
	author = {Aveiro, Susana S. and Melo, T{\^a}nia and Figueiredo, Ana and Domingues, Pedro and Pereira, Hugo and Maia, In{\^e}s B. and Silva, Joana and Domingues, M. Ros{\'a}rio and Nunes, Cl{\'a}udia and Moreira, Ana S. P.}
}
@article {Walker2018,
	title = {The requirement for calcification differs between ecologically important coccolithophore species},
	journal = {New Phytologist},
	volume = {in press},
	year = {2018},
	note = {tex.mendeley-tags: RCC1731},
	month = {jun},
	keywords = {Calcification, coccolithophore, Coccolithus braarudii, Emiliania huxleyi, phytoplankton, rcc1731},
	issn = {0028646X},
	doi = {10.1111/nph.15272},
	url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/nph.15272},
	author = {Walker, Charlotte E. and Taylor, Alison R. and Langer, Gerald and Durak, Gra{\.z}yna M. and Heath, Sarah and Probert, Ian and Tyrrell, Toby and Brownlee, Colin and Wheeler, Glen L.}
}
@article {Bendif2015,
	title = {Morphological and phylogenetic characterization of new gephyrocapsa isolates suggests introgressive hybridization in the Emiliania/Gephyrocapsa complex (haptophyta)},
	journal = {Protist},
	volume = {166},
	number = {3},
	year = {2015},
	note = {tex.mendeley-tags: 2015,RCC1281,RCC1282,RCC1284,RCC1286,RCC1292,RCC1300,RCC1305,RCC1307,RCC1316,RCC1317,RCC1318,RCC1319,RCC1320,RCC1562,RCC1839,RCC3370,RCC3862,RCC3898,rcc},
	pages = {323{\textendash}336},
	abstract = {The coccolithophore genus Gephyrocapsa contains a cosmopolitan assemblage of pelagic species, including the bloom-forming Gephyrocapsa oceanica, and is closely related to the emblematic coccolithophore Emiliania huxleyi within the No{\"e}laerhabdaceae. These two species have been extensively studied and are well represented in culture collections, whereas cultures of other species of this family are lacking. We report on three new strains of Gephyrocapsa isolated into culture from samples from the Chilean coastal upwelling zone using a novel flow cytometric single-cell sorting technique. The strains were characterized by morphological analysis using scanning electron microscopy and phylogenetic analysis of 6 genes (nuclear 18S and 28S rDNA, plastidial 16S and tufA, and mitochondrial cox1 and cox3 genes). Morphometric features of the coccoliths indicate that these isolates are distinct from G. oceanica and best correspond to G. muellerae. Surprisingly, both plastidial and mitochondrial gene phylogenies placed these strains within the E. huxleyi clade and well separated from G. oceanica isolates, making Emiliania appear polyphyletic. The only nuclear sequence difference, 1bp in the 28S rDNA region, also grouped E. huxleyi with the new Gephyrocapsa isolates and apart from G. oceanica. Specifically, the G. muellerae morphotype strains clustered with the mitochondrial β clade of E. huxleyi, which, like G. muellerae, has been associated with cold (temperate and sub-polar) waters. Among putative evolutionary scenarios that could explain these results we discuss the possibility that E. huxleyi is not a valid taxonomic unit, or, alternatively the possibility of past hybridization and introgression between each E. huxleyi clade and older Gephyrocapsa clades. In either case, the results support the transfer of Emiliania to Gephyrocapsa. These results have important implications for relating morphological species concepts to ecological and evolutionary units of diversity.},
	keywords = {2015, coccolithophores, Emiliania huxleyi, Gephyrocapsa muellerae, Gephyrocapsa oceanica, hybridization, phylogeny., rcc, RCC1281, RCC1282, RCC1284, RCC1286, RCC1292, RCC1300, RCC1305, RCC1307, RCC1316, RCC1317, RCC1318, RCC1319, RCC1320, RCC1562, RCC1839, RCC3370, RCC3862, RCC3898, species concept},
	issn = {14344610},
	doi = {10.1016/j.protis.2015.05.003},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1434461015000243},
	author = {Bendif, El Mahdi and Probert, Ian and Young, Jeremy R. and von Dassow, Peter}
}
