@article {langer_role_2021,
	title = {Role of silicon in the development of complex crystal shapes in coccolithophores},
	journal = {New Phytologist},
	volume = {231},
	number = {5},
	year = {2021},
	note = {_eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/nph.17230},
	pages = {1845{\textendash}1857},
	abstract = {The development of calcification by the coccolithophores had a profound impact on ocean carbon cycling, but the evolutionary steps leading to the formation of these complex biomineralized structures are not clear. Heterococcoliths consisting of intricately shaped calcite crystals are formed intracellularly by the diploid life cycle phase. Holococcoliths consisting of simple rhombic crystals can be produced by the haploid life cycle stage but are thought to be formed extracellularly, representing an independent evolutionary origin of calcification. We use advanced microscopy techniques to determine the nature of coccolith formation and complex crystal formation in coccolithophore life cycle stages. We find that holococcoliths are formed in intracellular compartments in a similar manner to heterococcoliths. However, we show that silicon is not required for holococcolith formation and that the requirement for silicon in certain coccolithophore species relates specifically to the process of crystal morphogenesis in heterococcoliths. We therefore propose an evolutionary scheme in which the lower complexity holococcoliths represent an ancestral form of calcification in coccolithophores. The subsequent recruitment of a silicon-dependent mechanism for crystal morphogenesis in the diploid life cycle stage led to the emergence of the intricately shaped heterococcoliths, enabling the formation of the elaborate coccospheres that underpin the ecological success of coccolithophores.},
	keywords = {biomineralization, Calcification, coccolith, coccolithophore, evolution, rcc, RCC1178, RCC1181, RCC1456, RCC1460, RCC1461, RCC1477, RCC1800, RCC1801, RCC3777, RCC6506, silicon},
	issn = {1469-8137},
	doi = {10.1111/nph.17230},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/nph.17230},
	author = {Langer, Gerald and Taylor, Alison R. and Walker, Charlotte E. and Meyer, Erin M. and Ben Joseph, Oz and Gal, Assaf and Harper, Glenn M. and Probert, Ian and Brownlee, Colin and Wheeler, Glen L.}
}
@article {Walker2018,
	title = {The requirement for calcification differs between ecologically important coccolithophore species},
	journal = {New Phytologist},
	volume = {in press},
	year = {2018},
	note = {tex.mendeley-tags: RCC1731},
	month = {jun},
	keywords = {Calcification, coccolithophore, Coccolithus braarudii, Emiliania huxleyi, phytoplankton, rcc1731},
	issn = {0028646X},
	doi = {10.1111/nph.15272},
	url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/nph.15272},
	author = {Walker, Charlotte E. and Taylor, Alison R. and Langer, Gerald and Durak, Gra{\.z}yna M. and Heath, Sarah and Probert, Ian and Tyrrell, Toby and Brownlee, Colin and Wheeler, Glen L.}
}
@article {Durak2016,
	title = {A role for diatom-like silicon transporters in calcifying coccolithophores},
	journal = {Nature Communications},
	volume = {7},
	number = {February},
	year = {2016},
	note = {tex.mendeley-tags: 2016,RCC1130,RCC1303,RCC1453,RCC1456,RCC3432},
	pages = {10543},
	abstract = {Biomineralisation by marine phytoplankton, such as the silicifying diatoms and calcifying coccolithophores, plays an important role in carbon and nutrient cycling in the oceans. Silicification and calcification are distinct cellular processes with no known common mechanisms. As a result, it is thought that coccolithophores are able to outcompete diatoms in Si-depleted waters, which can contribute to the formation of coccolithophore blooms. Here, we show that an expanded family of diatom-like silicon transporters (SITs) are present in both silicifying and calcifying haptophyte phytoplankton, including some coccolithophores of global ecological importance. We find an essential role for Si in calcification in these coccolithophores, indicating that Si uptake contributes to the very different forms of biomineralisation in diatoms and coccolithophores. However, SITs and the requirement for Si are significantly absent from the highly abundant bloom-forming coccolithophores, such as Emiliania huxleyi. These very different requirements for Si in coccolithophores are likely to have major influence on their competitive interactions with diatoms and other siliceous phytoplankton.},
	keywords = {(RCC1130, (RCC1456), 2016, biomineralisation, coccolithophores, Gephyrocapsa oceanica (RCC1303) and Scyphosphaera, haptophytes, RCC1130, RCC1303, RCC1453, RCC1456, RCC3432, silica, TMR5 (RCC3432{\textemdash}Sea of Japan) and PZ241 (RCC1453{\textemdash}Med},
	issn = {2041-1723},
	doi = {10.1038/ncomms10543},
	author = {Durak, Grazyna M and Taylor, Alison R and Probert, Ian and de Vargas, Colomban and Audic, St{\'e}phane and Schroeder, Declan C and Brownlee, Colin and Wheeler, Glen L}
}
