%0 Journal Article %J ISME Communications %D 2021 %T Dinophyceae can use exudates as weapons against the parasite Amoebophrya sp. (Syndiniales) %A Long, Marc %A Marie, Dominique %A Szymczak, Jeremy %A Toullec, Jordan %A Bigeard, Estelle %A Sourisseau, Marc %A Le Gac, Mickaël %A Guillou, Laure %A Jauzein, Cécile %K microbial ecology %K Plant ecology %K rcc %K RCC1627 %K RCC4383 %K RCC4714 %K RCC749 %K Water microbiology %X Parasites in the genus Amoebophrya sp. infest dinoflagellate hosts in marine ecosystems and can be determining factors in the demise of blooms, including toxic red tides. These parasitic protists, however, rarely cause the total collapse of Dinophyceae blooms. Experimental addition of parasite-resistant Dinophyceae (Alexandrium minutum or Scrippsiella donghaienis) or exudates into a well-established host-parasite coculture (Scrippsiella acuminata-Amoebophrya sp.) mitigated parasite success and increased the survival of the sensitive host. This effect was mediated by waterborne molecules without the need for a physical contact. The strength of the parasite defenses varied between dinoflagellate species, and strains of A. minutum and was enhanced with increasing resistant host cell concentrations. The addition of resistant strains or exudates never prevented the parasite transmission entirely. Survival time of Amoebophrya sp. free-living stages (dinospores) decreased in presence of A. minutum but not of S. donghaienis. Parasite progeny drastically decreased with both species. Integrity of the dinospore membrane was altered by A. minutum, providing a first indication on the mode of action of anti-parasitic molecules. These results demonstrate that extracellular defenses can be an effective strategy against parasites that protects not only the resistant cells producing them, but also the surrounding community. %B ISME Communications %V 1 %P 1–10 %G eng %U http://www.nature.com/articles/s43705-021-00035-x %R 10.1038/s43705-021-00035-x %0 Journal Article %J BMC Biology %D 2021 %T Rapid protein evolution, organellar reductions, and invasive intronic elements in the marine aerobic parasite dinoflagellate Amoebophrya spp. %A Farhat, Sarah %A Le, Phuong %A Kayal, Ehsan %A Noel, Benjamin %A Bigeard, Estelle %A Corre, Erwan %A Maumus, Florian %A Florent, Isabelle %A Alberti, Adriana %A Aury, Jean-Marc %A Barbeyron, Tristan %A Cai, Ruibo %A Silva, Corinne Da %A Istace, Benjamin %A Labadie, Karine %A Marie, Dominique %A Mercier, Jonathan %A Rukwavu, Tsinda %A Szymczak, Jeremy %A Tonon, Thierry %A Alves-de-Souza, Catharina %A Rouze, Pierre %A de Peer, Yves Van %A Wincker, Patrick %A Rombauts, Stephane %A Porcel, Betina M %A Guillou, Laure %K Dinoflagellate %K genome %K Introner elements %K Non-canonical introns %K parasite %K RCC4383 %K RCC4398 %B BMC Biology %P 1–21 %G eng %R 10.1186/s12915-020-00927-9 %0 Journal Article %J Scientific Reports %D 2020 %T Cryptic species in the parasitic Amoebophrya species complex revealed by a polyphasic approach %A Cai, Ruibo %A Kayal, Ehsan %A Alves-de-Souza, Catharina %A Bigeard, Estelle %A Corre, Erwan %A Jeanthon, Christian %A Marie, Dominique %A Porcel, Betina M %A Siano, Raffaele %A Szymczak, Jeremy %A Wolf, Matthias %A Guillou, Laure %K RCC1627 %K RCC1720 %K RCC3018 %K RCC3043 %K RCC3044 %K RCC3047 %K RCC3048 %K RCC3049 %K RCC3145 %K RCC3278 %K RCC3596 %K RCC4381 %K RCC4382 %K RCC4383 %K RCC4384 %K RCC4385 %K RCC4386 %K RCC4387 %K RCC4388 %K RCC4389 %K RCC4390 %K RCC4391 %K RCC4392 %K RCC4393 %K RCC4394 %K RCC4395 %K RCC4396 %K RCC4397 %K RCC4398 %K RCC4399 %K RCC4400 %K RCC4401 %K RCC4402 %K RCC4403 %K RCC4404 %K RCC4405 %K RCC4406 %K RCC4407 %K RCC4408 %K RCC4409 %K RCC4410 %K RCC4411 %K RCC4412 %K RCC4413 %K RCC4414 %K RCC4415 %K RCC4416 %K RCC4711 %K RCC4712 %K RCC4713 %K RCC4715 %K RCC4716 %K RCC4722 %K RCC4723 %K RCC4726 %K RCC4728 %K RCC4729 %K RCC4732 %K RCC4733 %K RCC4734 %K RCC5984 %K RCC5985 %K RCC5986 %K RCC5987 %K RCC5988 %K RCC5989 %K RCC5990 %K RCC5991 %K RCC5992 %K RCC5993 %K RCC5994 %K RCC5995 %K RCC5997 %K RCC5998 %K RCC5999 %K RCC6000 %K RCC6001 %K RCC6002 %K RCC6003 %K RCC6004 %K RCC6005 %K RCC6006 %K RCC6007 %K RCC6008 %K RCC6009 %K RCC6010 %K RCC6079 %K RCC6080 %K RCC6081 %K RCC6082 %K RCC6083 %K RCC6084 %K RCC6085 %K RCC6087 %K RCC6088 %K RCC6094 %K RCC6096 %K RCC6100 %K RCC6101 %K RCC6102 %K RCC6103 %K RCC6104 %K RCC6105 %K RCC6106 %K RCC6107 %K RCC6108 %K RCC6109 %K RCC6110 %K RCC6111 %K RCC6112 %K RCC6113 %K RCC6115 %K RCC6116 %K RCC6117 %K RCC6118 %K RCC6119 %K RCC6120 %K RCC6121 %B Scientific Reports %V 10 %P 2531 %8 dec %G eng %U http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-59524-z http://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-020-59524-z %R 10.1038/s41598-020-59524-z %0 Journal Article %J Frontiers in Microbiology %D 2020 %T Dinoflagellate host chloroplasts and mitochondria remain functional during amoebophrya infection %A Kayal, Ehsan %A Alves-de-Souza, Catharina %A Farhat, Sarah %A Velo-Suarez, Lourdes %A Monjol, Joanne %A Szymczak, Jeremy %A Bigeard, Estelle %A Marie, Dominique %A Noel, Benjamin %A Porcel, Betina M %A Corre, Erwan %A Six, Christophe %A Guillou, Laure %K amoebophrya %K chloroplast %K Dinoflagellate %K frontiers in microbiology %K frontiersin %K kleptoplast %K marine plankton %K org %K organelles %K parasitism %K RCC1627 %K RCC4398 %K www %X Dinoflagellates are major components of phytoplankton that play critical roles in many microbial food webs, many of them being hosts of countless intracellular parasites. The phototrophic dinoflagellate Scrippsiella acuminata (Dinophyceae) can be infected by the microeukaryotic parasitoids Amoebophrya spp. (Syndiniales), some of which primarily target and digest the host nucleus. Early digestion of the nucleus at the beginning of the infection is expected to greatly impact the host metabolism, inducing the knockout of the organellar machineries that highly depend upon nuclear gene expression, such as the mitochondrial OXPHOS pathway and the plastid photosynthetic carbon fixation. However, previous studies have reported that chloroplasts remain functional in swimming host cells infected by Amoebophrya . We report here a multi-approach monitoring study of S. acuminata organelles over a complete infection cycle by nucleus-targeting Amoebophrya sp. strain A120. Our results show sustained and efficient photosystem II activity as a hallmark of functional chloroplast throughout the infection period despite the complete digestion of the host nucleus. We also report the importance played by light on parasite production, i.e., the amount of host biomass converted to parasite infective propagules. Using a differential gene expression analysis, we observed an apparent increase of all 3 mitochondrial and 9 out of the 11 plastidial genes involved in the electron transport chains (ETC) of the respiration pathways during the first stages of the infection. The longer resilience of organellar genes compared to those encoded by the nucleus suggests that both mitochondria and chloroplasts remain functional throughout most of the infection. This extended organelle functionality, along with higher parasite production under light conditions, suggests that host bioenergetic organelles likely benefit the parasite Amoebophrya sp. A120 and improve its fitness during the intracellular infective stage. %B Frontiers in Microbiology %V 11 %P 1–11 %8 dec %G eng %U https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2020.600823/full %R 10.3389/fmicb.2020.600823