@article {Dorrell2017,
	title = {Chimeric origins of ochrophytes and haptophytes revealed through an ancient plastid proteome},
	journal = {eLife},
	volume = {6},
	year = {2017},
	month = {may},
	pages = {1{\textendash}45},
	abstract = {Plastids are supported by a wide range of proteins encoded within the nucleus and imported from the cytoplasm. These plastid-targeted proteins may originate from the endosymbiont, the host, or other sources entirely. Here, we identify and characterise 770 plastid-targeted proteins that are conserved across the ochrophytes, a major group of algae including diatoms, pelagophytes and kelps, that possess plastids derived from red algae. We show that the ancestral ochrophyte plastid proteome was an evolutionary chimera, with 25\% of its phylogenetically tractable nucleus-encoded proteins deriving from green algae. We additionally show that functional mixing of host and plastid proteomes, such as through dual-targeting, is an ancestral feature of plastid evolution. Finally, we detect a clear phylogenetic signal from one ochrophyte subgroup, the lineage containing pelagophytes and dictyochophytes, in plastid-targeted proteins from another major algal lineage, the haptophytes. This may represent a possible serial endosymbiosis event deep in eukaryotic evolutionary history.},
	keywords = {2017, RCC1486, RCC1523, RCC1537, RCC1587, SBR$_\textrmP$hyto$_\textrmE$PPO},
	issn = {2050-084X},
	doi = {10.7554/eLife.23717},
	url = {http://elifesciences.org/lookup/doi/10.7554/eLife.23717},
	author = {Dorrell, Richard G and Gile, Gillian and McCallum, Giselle and M{\'e}heust, Rapha{\"e}l and Bapteste, Eric P and Klinger, Christen M and Brillet-Gu{\'e}guen, Loraine and Freeman, Katalina D and Richter, Daniel J and Bowler, Chris}
}
@article {Andersen2015,
	title = {Phaeocystis rex sp. nov. (Phaeocystales, Prymnesiophyceae): a new solitary species that produces a multilayered scale cell covering},
	journal = {European Journal of Phycology},
	volume = {50},
	number = {2},
	year = {2015},
	note = {Publisher: Taylor \& Francis tex.mendeley-tags: 2015,RCC 4025,rcc},
	pages = {207{\textendash}222},
	abstract = {A morphologically distinct marine species, Phaeocystis rex sp. nov., was described on the basis of light microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and DNA sequence comparisons. Non-motile cells were solitary (non-colonial), 6{\textendash}10 {\textmu}m in diameter and 8{\textendash}15 {\textmu}m long, and possessed chloroplasts with distinctive finger-like lobes. TEM observations demonstrated the presence of two short flagella and a very short haptonema that arose from an invagination of the protoplast. Non-motile cells were surrounded by one to several dense layers composed of scales, presumably unmineralized, and an amorphous material. Phylogenetic analyses based upon combined partial nucleotide sequences for five nuclear-or plastid-encoded genes (18S rRNA, 28S rRNA, 16S rRNA, psbA and rbcL) from cultured strains and from uncharacterized acantharian symbionts confirmed that P. rex was a distinct species. These analyses implied that P. rex occupies an intermediate evolutionary position between solitary and colonial Phaeocystis species.},
	keywords = {2015, algae, organic scales, Phaeocystales, Phaeocystis rex, Prymnesiophyceae, rcc, RCC4025, RCC?o?dd, SBR$_\textrmP$hyto$_\textrmE$PPO, systematics, ultrastructure},
	issn = {0967-0262},
	doi = {10.1080/09670262.2015.1024287},
	url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09670262.2015.1024287},
	author = {Andersen, Robert A. and Bailey, J. Craig and Decelle, Johan and Probert, Ian}
}
@article {Decelle2015,
	title = {PhytoREF: a reference database of the plastidial 16S rRNA gene of photosynthetic eukaryotes with curated taxonomy},
	journal = {Molecular Ecology Resources},
	volume = {15},
	number = {6},
	year = {2015},
	note = {tex.mendeley-tags: 2015,macumba,rcc,sbr?hyto$_\textrmd$ipo,sbr?hyto?ppo},
	pages = {1435{\textendash}1445},
	abstract = {Photosynthetic eukaryotes have a critical role as the main producers in most ecosystems of the biosphere. The ongo- ing environmental metabarcoding revolution opens the perspective for holistic ecosystems biological studies of these organisms, in particular the unicellular microalgae that often lack distinctive morphological characters and have complex life cycles. To interpret environmental sequences, metabarcoding necessarily relies on taxonomically curated databases containing reference sequences of the targeted gene (or barcode) from identified organisms. To date, no such reference framework exists for photosynthetic eukaryotes. In this study, we built the PhytoREF data- base that contains 6490 plastidial 16S rDNA reference sequences that originate from a large diversity of eukaryotes representing all known major photosynthetic lineages. We compiled 3333 amplicon sequences available from public databases and 879 sequences extracted from plastidial genomes, and generated 411 novel sequences from cultured marine microalgal strains belonging to different eukaryotic lineages. A total of 1867 environmental Sanger 16S rDNA sequences were also included in the database. Stringent quality filtering and a phylogeny-based taxonomic classifica- tion were applied for each 16S rDNA sequence. The database mainly focuses on marine microalgae, but sequences from land plants (representing half of the PhytoREF sequences) and freshwater taxa were also included to broaden the applicability of PhytoREF to different aquatic and terrestrial habitats. PhytoREF, accessible via a web interface (http://phytoref.fr), is a new resource in molecular ecology to foster the discovery, assessment and monitoring of the diversity of photosynthetic eukaryotes using high-throughput sequencing.},
	keywords = {2015, MACUMBA, rcc, RCC?o?dd, SBR$_\textrmP$hyto$_\textrmD$IPO, SBR$_\textrmP$hyto$_\textrmE$PPO, sbr?hyto$_\textrmd$ipo, sbr?hyto?ppo},
	issn = {1755098X},
	doi = {10.1111/1755-0998.12401},
	url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/1755-0998.12401},
	author = {Decelle, Johan and Romac, Sarah and Stern, Rowena F. and Bendif, El Mahdi and Zingone, Adriana and Audic, St{\'e}phane and Guiry, Michael D. and Guillou, Laure and Tessier, D{\'e}sir{\'e} and Le Gall, Florence and Gourvil, Priscillia and dos Santos, Adriana Lopes and Probert, Ian and Vaulot, Daniel and de Vargas, Colomban and Christen, Richard}
}
@article {Chambouvet2014,
	title = {Diverse molecular signatures for ribosomally {\textquoteright}active{\textquoteright} Perkinsea in marine sediments},
	journal = {BMC Microbiology},
	volume = {14},
	number = {1},
	year = {2014},
	note = {tex.mendeley-tags: 2014,rcc,sbr?hyto?ppo},
	pages = {110},
	abstract = {BACKGROUND:Perkinsea are a parasitic lineage within the eukaryotic superphylum Alveolata. Recent studies making use of environmental small sub-unit ribosomal RNA gene (SSU rDNA) sequencing methodologies have detected a significant diversity and abundance of Perkinsea-like phylotypes in freshwater environments. In contrast only a few Perkinsea environmental sequences have been retrieved from marine samples. Only two groups of Perkinsea have been cultured and morphologically described and these are parasites of marine molluscs or marine protists. These two marine groups form separate and distantly related phylogenetic clusters, composed of closely related lineages on SSU rDNA trees. Here, we test the hypothesis that Perkinsea are a hitherto under-sampled group in marine environments. Using 454 diversity {\textquoteright}tag{\textquoteright} sequencing we investigate the diversity and distribution of these protists in marine sediments and water column samples taken from the Deep Chlorophyll Maximum (DCM) and sub-surface using both DNA and RNA as the source template and sampling four European offshore locations.RESULTS:We detected the presence of 265 sequences branching with known Perkinsea, the majority of them recovered from marine sediments. Moreover, 27\% of these sequences were sampled from RNA derived cDNA libraries. Phylogenetic analyses classify a large proportion of these sequences into 38 cluster groups (including 30 novel marine cluster groups), which share less than 97\% sequence similarity as to suggest this diversity encompasses a range of biologically and ecologically distinct organisms.CONCLUSIONS:These results demonstrate that the Perkinsea lineage is considerably more diverse than previously detected in marine environments. This wide diversity of Perkinsea-like protists is largely retrieved in marine sediment with a significant proportion detected in RNA derived libraries suggesting this diversity represents ribosomally {\textquoteright}active{\textquoteright} and intact cells. Given the phylogenetic range of hosts infected by known Perkinsea parasites, these data suggest that Perkinsea either play a significant but hitherto unrecognized role as parasites in marine sediments and/or members of this group are present in the marine sediment possibly as part of the {\textquoteright}seed bank{\textquoteright} microbial community.},
	keywords = {2014, Biomarks, rcc, SBR$_\textrmP$hyto$_\textrmE$PPO, sbr?hyto?ppo},
	doi = {10.1186/1471-2180-14-110},
	url = {http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2180/14/110},
	author = {Chambouvet, Aurelie and Berney, Cedric and Romac, Sarah and Audic, St{\'e}phane and Maguire, Finlay and de Vargas, Colomban and Richards, Thomas}
}
@article {Bendif2014,
	title = {Genetic delineation between and within the widespread coccolithophore morpho-species Emiliania huxleyi and Gephyrocapsa oceanica (Haptophyta)},
	journal = {Journal of Phycology},
	volume = {50},
	year = {2014},
	note = {tex.mendeley-tags: 2014,cc3549,rcc,rcc1210,rcc1213,rcc1220,rcc1227,rcc1229,rcc1242,rcc1252,rcc1253,rcc1258,rcc1259,rcc1260,rcc1271,rcc1281,rcc1288,rcc1292,rcc1297,rcc1300,rcc1303,rcc1305,rcc1316,rcc1562,rcc174,rcc1839,rcc3545,rrcc1247,sbr?hyto?ppo},
	pages = {140{\textendash}148},
	keywords = {2014, cc3549, rcc, rcc1210, RCC1213, rcc1220, rcc1227, rcc1229, RCC1242, rcc1252, RCC1253, rcc1258, RCC1259, rcc1260, rcc1271, RCC1281, rcc1288, RCC1292, rcc1297, RCC1300, RCC1303, RCC1305, RCC1316, RCC1562, rcc174, RCC1839, rcc3545, rrcc1247, SBR$_\textrmP$hyto$_\textrmE$PPO, sbr?hyto?ppo},
	doi = {10.1111/jpy.12147},
	author = {Bendif, El Mahdi and Probert, Ian and Carmichael, Margaux and Romac, Sarah and Hagino, Kyoko and de Vargas, Colomban}
}
@article {Bendif2013,
	title = {On the description of Tisochrysis lutea gen . nov . sp . nov . and Isochrysis nuda sp. nov. in the Isochrysidales, and the transfer of Dicrateria to the Prymnesiales (Haptophyta)},
	journal = {Journal of Applied Phycology},
	volume = {25},
	year = {2013},
	note = {tex.mendeley-tags: 2013,RCC1195,RCC1207,RCC1281,RCC1286,RCC1344,RCC1346,RCC1347,RCC1348,RCC1349,RCC1350,RCC1353,RCC2477,RCC3681,RCC3684,RCC3686,RCC3687,RCC3690,RCC3691,RCC3692,RCC3693,RCC3694,RCC3695,RCC3696,RCC3699,RCC3701,RCC3707,rcc,sbr?hyto?ppo},
	pages = {1763{\textendash}1776},
	keywords = {2013, dicrateria, imantonia, isochrysidaceae, isochrysis galbana, phylogeny, rcc, RCC1195, RCC1207, RCC1281, RCC1286, RCC1344, RCC1346, RCC1347, RCC1348, RCC1349, RCC1350, RCC1353, RCC2477, RCC3681, RCC3684, RCC3686, RCC3687, RCC3690, RCC3691, RCC3692, RCC3693, RCC3694, RCC3695, RCC3696, RCC3699, RCC3701, RCC3707, SBR$_\textrmP$hyto$_\textrmE$PPO, sbr?hyto?ppo, taxonomy, ultrastructure},
	doi = {10.1007/s10811-013-0037-0},
	author = {Bendif, El Mahdi and Probert, Ian and Schroeder, Declan C and de Vargas, Colomban}
}
@article {Guillou2013,
	title = {The protist ribosomal reference database (PR2): a catalog of unicellular eukaryote small SubUnit rRNA sequences with curated taxonomy},
	journal = {Nucleic Acids Research},
	volume = {41},
	year = {2013},
	note = {tex.mendeley-tags: 2013,rcc,sbr?hyto$_\textrmd$ipo,sbr?hyto?ppo},
	pages = {D597{\textendash}D604},
	keywords = {2013, rcc, SBR$_\textrmP$hyto$_\textrmD$PO, SBR$_\textrmP$hyto$_\textrmE$PPO, sbr?hyto$_\textrmd$ipo, sbr?hyto?ppo},
	doi = {10.1093/nar/gks1160},
	author = {Guillou, Laure and Bachar, Dipankar and Audic, St{\'e}phane and Bass, David and Berney, Cedric and Bittner, Lucie and Boutte, Christophe and Burgaud, Gaetan and de Vargas, Colomban and Decelle, Johan and del Campo, Javier and Dolan, John and Dunthorn, Micah and Bente, Edvardsen and Holzmann, Maria and Kooistra, Wiebe H C F and Lara, Enrique and Lebescot, Noan and Logares, Ramiro and Mah{\'e}, Fr{\'e}d{\'e}ric and Massana, Ramon and Montresor, Marina and Morard, Raphael and Not, Fabrice and Pawlowski, Jan and Probert, Ian and Sauvadet, Anne-Laure and Siano, Raffaele and Stoeck, Thorsten and Vaulot, Daniel and Zimmermann, Pascal and Christen, Richard}
}
@article {Frada2012,
	title = {In situ survey of life cycle phases of the coccolithophore Emiliania huxleyi (Haptophyta)},
	journal = {Environmental Microbiology},
	volume = {14},
	number = {6},
	year = {2012},
	note = {Publisher: Blackwell Publishing Ltd tex.mendeley-tags: 2012,rcc,sbr?hyto?ppo},
	pages = {1558{\textendash}1569},
	abstract = {The cosmopolitan coccolithophore Emiliania huxleyi is characterized by a strongly differentiated haplodiplontic life cycle consisting of a diploid phase, generally bearing coccoliths (calcified) but that can be also non-calcified, and a non-calcified biflagellated haploid phase. Given most studies have focused on the bloom-producing calcified phase, there is little-to-no information about non-calcified cells in nature. Using field mesocoms as experimental platforms, we quantitatively surveyed calcified and non-calcified cells using the combined calcareous detection fluorescent in situ hybridization (COD-FISH) method and qualitatively screened for haploid specific transcripts using reverse transcription-PCR during E. huxleyi bloom successions. Diploid, calcified cells formed dense blooms that were followed by the massive proliferation of E. huxleyi viruses (EhVs), which caused bloom demise. Non-calcified cells were also detected throughout the experiment, accounting for a minor fraction of the population but becoming progressively more abundant during mid-late bloom periods concomitant with EhV burst. Non-calcified cell growth also paralleled a distinct window of haploid-specific transcripts and the appearance of autotrophic flagellates morphologically similar to haploid cells, both of which are suggestive of meiosis and sexual life cycling during natural blooms of this prominent marine phytoplankton species.},
	keywords = {2012, rcc, SBR$_\textrmP$hyto$_\textrmE$PPO, sbr?hyto?ppo},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1462-2920.2012.02745.x},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1462-2920.2012.02745.x},
	author = {Frada, Miguel J and Bidle, Kay D and Probert, Ian and de Vargas, Colomban}
}
@article {Decelle2012,
	title = {An original mode of symbiosis in open ocean plankton},
	journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
	volume = {109},
	year = {2012},
	note = {tex.mendeley-tags: 2012,rcc,sbr?hyto?ppo},
	pages = {18000{\textendash}18005},
	keywords = {2012, rcc, SBR$_\textrmP$hyto$_\textrmE$PPO, sbr?hyto?ppo},
	doi = {10.1073/pnas.1212303109},
	author = {Decelle, J and Probert, I and Bittner, L and Desdevises, Y and Colin, S and de Vargas, C and Gali, M and Simo, R and Not, F}
}
@article {Reid2011,
	title = {Coccolithophores: Functional biodiversity, enzymes and bioprospecting},
	journal = {Marine Drugs},
	volume = {9},
	number = {4},
	year = {2011},
	note = {tex.mendeley-tags: 2011,rcc},
	pages = {586{\textendash}602},
	keywords = {2011, rcc, SBR$_\textrmP$hyto$_\textrmE$PPO},
	doi = {10.3390/md9040586},
	url = {http://www.mdpi.com/1660-3397/9/4/586/},
	author = {Reid, Emma L and Worthy, Charlotte A and Probert, Ian and Ali, Sohail T and Love, John and Napier, Johnathan and Littlechild, Jenny A and Somerfield, Paul J and Allen, Michael J}
}
@article {Jeanthon2011,
	title = {Diversity of cultivated and metabolically active aerobic anoxygenic phototrophic bacteria along an oligotrophic gradient in the Mediterranean Sea},
	journal = {Biogeosciences},
	volume = {8},
	year = {2011},
	note = {tex.mendeley-tags: 2011,rcc,sbr?hyto$_\textrmd$ipo,sbr?hyto?app},
	pages = {1955{\textendash}1970},
	keywords = {2011, rcc, SBR$_\textrmP$hyto$_\textrmD$PO, SBR$_\textrmP$hyto$_\textrmE$PPO, SBR$_\textrmP$hyto$_\textrmP$PM, sbr?hyto$_\textrmd$ipo, sbr?hyto?app},
	doi = {10.5194/bg-8-1955-2011},
	author = {Jeanthon, Christian and Boeuf, Dominique and Dahan, Oc{\'e}ane and Le Gall, F and Garczarek, Laurence and Bendif, El Mahdi and Lehours, Anne-Catherine}
}
@article {Bendif2011,
	title = {Integrative taxonomy of the pavlovophyceae (haptophyta) : a reassessment},
	journal = {Protist},
	volume = {162},
	year = {2011},
	note = {tex.mendeley-tags: 2011,RCC1526,RCC1527,RCC1528,RCC1529,RCC1530,RCC1531,RCC1532,RCC1533,RCC1534,RCC1535,RCC1536,RCC1537,RCC1538,RCC1539,RCC1540,RCC1541,RCC1542,RCC1543,RCC1544,RCC1545,RCC1546,RCC1548,RCC1549,RCC1551,RCC1552,RCC1553,RCC1554,RCC1557,rcc,rcc1523,rcc1524,rcc1525},
	pages = {738{\textendash}761},
	abstract = {The Pavlovophyceae (Haptophyta) contains four genera (Pavlova, Diacronema, Exanthemachrysis and Rebecca) and only thirteen characterised species. Considering the importance of members of this class, we constructed molecular phylogenies inferred from sequencing of ribosomal gene markers with comprehensive coverage of the described diversity and using type strains when available add on culture strains. Moreover, the morphology and ultrastructure of 12 of the described species was re-examined and the pigment signatures of many culture strains were determined. The molecular analysis revealed that sequences of all described species differed, although those of Pavlova gyrans and P. pinguis were nearly identical, these potentially forming a single cryptic species complex. Four well-delineated genetic clades were identified, one of which included species of both Pavlova andDiacronema. Unique combinations of morphological/ultrastructural characters were identified foreach of these clades. The ancestral pigment signature of the Pavlovophyceae consisted of a basic set of pigments plus MV chl cPAV, the latter being entirely absent in the Pavlova + Diacronema clade and supplemented by DV chl cPAV in part of the Exanthemachrysis clade. Based on this combination of characters, we propose a taxonomic revision of the class, with transfer of several Pavlova species to an emended Diacronema genus. The evolution of the class is discussed in the context of the phylogenetic reconstruction presented.},
	keywords = {2011, ASSEMBLE, rcc, RCC1523, rcc1524, rcc1525, RCC1526, RCC1527, RCC1528, RCC1529, RCC1530, RCC1531, RCC1532, RCC1533, RCC1534, RCC1535, RCC1536, RCC1537, RCC1538, RCC1539, RCC1540, RCC1541, RCC1542, RCC1543, RCC1544, RCC1545, RCC1546, RCC1548, RCC1549, RCC1551, RCC1552, RCC1553, RCC1554, RCC1557, SBR$_\textrmP$hyto$_\textrmE$PPO},
	doi = {10.1016/j.protis.2011.05.001},
	author = {Bendif, E M and Probert, I and Herv{\'e}, A and Billard, C and Goux, D and Lelong, C and Cadoret, J P and V{\'e}ron, B}
}
@article {Hagino2011,
	title = {New evidence for morphological and genetic variation in the cosmopolitan coccolithophore Emiliana huxleyi (prymnesiophyceae) from the cox1b-ATP4 genes},
	journal = {Journal of Phycology},
	volume = {47},
	year = {2011},
	note = {tex.mendeley-tags: 2011,rcc,sbr?hyto?ppo},
	pages = {1164{\textendash}1176},
	abstract = {Emiliania huxleyi (Lohmann) Hay et Mohler is a cosmopolitan coccolithophore occurring from tropical to subpolar waters and exhibiting variations in morphology of coccoliths possibly related to environmental conditions. We examined morphological characters of coccoliths and partial mitochondrial sequences of the cytochrome oxidase 1b (cox1b) through adenosine triphosphate synthase 4 (atp4) genes of thirty-nine clonal E. huxleyi strains from the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, Mediterranean Sea and their adjacent seas. Based on the morphological study of culture strains by SEM, Type O, a new morphotype characterized by coccoliths with an open central area, was separated from existing morphotypes A, B, B/C, C, R and var. corona, characterized by coccoliths with central area elements. Molecular phylogenetic studies revealed that E. huxleyi consists of at least two mitochondrial sequence groups with different temperature preferences/tolerances: a cool water group occurring in subarctic North Atlantic and Pacific and a warm water group occurring in the sub-tropical Atlantic and Pacific and in the Mediterranean Sea.},
	keywords = {2011, rcc, SBR$_\textrmP$hyto$_\textrmE$PPO, sbr?hyto?ppo},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1529-8817.2011.01053.x},
	author = {Hagino, K and Bendif, El Mahdi and Young, J and Kogame, K and Takano, Y and Probert, I and Horiguchi, T and de Vargas, C and Okada, H}
}
@article {Edvardsen2011,
	title = {Ribosomal DNA phylogenies and a morphological revision privide the basis for a new taxonomy of Prymnesiales (Haptophyta)},
	journal = {European Journal of Phycology},
	volume = {46},
	year = {2011},
	note = {tex.mendeley-tags: 2011,RCC1185,RCC1187,RCC1189,RCC1385,RCC1387,RCC1388,RCC1390,RCC1432,RCC1438,RCC1440,RCC1441,RCC1448,RCC1453,RCC2056,RCC2057,RCC2059,RCC2060,RCC2061,RCC2063,RCC2064,RCC305,RCC339,RCC3417,RCC3421,RCC3422,RCC3424,RCC3425,RCC3429,RCC406,rcc},
	pages = {202{\textendash}228},
	keywords = {2011, ASSEMBLE, rcc, RCC1185, RCC1187, RCC1189, RCC1385, RCC1387, RCC1388, RCC1390, RCC1432, RCC1438, RCC1440, RCC1441, RCC1448, RCC1453, RCC2056, RCC2057, RCC2059, RCC2060, RCC2061, RCC2063, RCC2064, RCC305, RCC339, RCC3417, RCC3421, RCC3422, RCC3424, RCC3425, RCC3429, RCC406, SBR$_\textrmP$hyto$_\textrmE$PPO},
	doi = {10.1080/09670262.2011.594095},
	author = {Edvardsen, B and Eikrem, W and Throndsen, J and A., Saez and Probert, I and Medlin, L}
}
@article {Beaufort2011,
	title = {Sensitivity of coccolithophores to carbonate chemistry and ocean acidification},
	journal = {Nature},
	volume = {476},
	year = {2011},
	note = {tex.mendeley-tags: 2011,rcc,sbr?hyto?ppo},
	pages = {80{\textendash}83},
	abstract = {Coccolithophores produce the major fraction of pelagic carbonate, a key component of the carbon cycle. The effect of elevated CO2 on their calcification is poorly understood. Culture experiments have yielded varied calcification responses to increased pCO2 between and within coccolithophore taxa. We used a novel automated method for pattern recognition and morphometric analysis to quantify the calcite mass of coccolithophores from {\textquestiondown}700 samples from present past (last 40-Kyr) oceans. Comparison of morphological data with ocean carbonate chemistry reconstructed in both space and time indicate decreasing calcification with increasing pCO2, and decreasing CO32. At pH {\textexclamdown}8.0, delicate Emiliania huxleyi are strongly affected by decalcification. However, highly calcified E. huxleyi morphotypes predominate in waters with lowest pH. This suggests that coccolithophore strains pre-adapted to future, more acidic oceans already populate regions of contemporary oceans. The future carbon feedback from coccolithophore calcification will depend on the genetic diversity and adaptability of coccolithophore populations.},
	keywords = {2011, rcc, SBR$_\textrmP$hyto$_\textrmE$PPO, sbr?hyto?ppo},
	doi = {10.1038/nature10295},
	author = {Beaufort, L and Probert, I and de Garidel-Thoron, T and Bendif, E M and Ruiz-Pino, D and Metzl, N and Goyet, C and Buchet, N and Coupel, P and Grelaud, M and Rost, B and Rickaby, R E M and de Vargas, C}
}
@article {Rokitta2011,
	title = {Transcriptome analyses reveal differential gene expression patterns between the life-cycle stages of Emiliania huxleyi (Haptophyta) and reflect specialization to different ecological niches},
	journal = {Journal of Phycology},
	volume = {47},
	number = {4},
	year = {2011},
	note = {Publisher: Blackwell Publishing Ltd tex.mendeley-tags: 2011,rcc,sbr?hyto?ppo},
	pages = {829{\textendash}838},
	abstract = {Coccolithophores, especially the abundant, cosmopolitan species Emiliania huxleyi (Lohmann) W. W. Hay et H. P. Mohler, are one of the main driving forces of the oceanic carbonate pump and contribute significantly to global carbon cycling, due to their ability to calcify. A recent study indicates that termination of diploid blooms by viral infection induces life-cycle transition, and speculation has arisen about the role of the haploid, noncalcifying stage in coccolithophore ecology. To explore gene expression patterns in both life-cycle stages, haploid and diploid cells of E. huxleyi (RCC 1217 and RCC 1216) were acclimated to limiting and saturating photon flux densities. Transcriptome analyses were performed to assess differential genomic expression related to different ploidy levels and acclimation light intensities. Analyses indicated that life-cycle stages exhibit different properties of regulating genome expression (e.g., pronounced gene activation and gene silencing in the diploid stage), proteome maintenance (e.g., increased turnover of proteins in the haploid stage), as well as metabolic processing (e.g., pronounced primary metabolism and motility in the haploid stage and calcification in the diploid stage). Furthermore, higher abundances of transcripts related to endocytotic and digestive machinery were observed in the diploid stage. A qualitative feeding experiment indicated that both life-cycle stages are capable of particle uptake (0.5 ??m diameter) in late-stationary growth phase. Results showed that the two life-cycle stages represent functionally distinct entities that are evolutionarily shaped to thrive in the environment they typically inhabit.},
	keywords = {2011, endocytosis, Life-cycle stages, microarray, quantitative RT-PCR, rcc, SBR$_\textrmP$hyto$_\textrmE$PPO, sbr?hyto?ppo, transcriptome profiling},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1529-8817.2011.01014.x},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1529-8817.2011.01014.x},
	author = {Rokitta, Sebastian D and de Nooijer, Lennart J and Trimborn, Scarlett and de Vargas, Colomban and Rost, Bj{\"o}rn and John, Uwe}
}
@article {Lepere2011,
	title = {Whole Genome Amplification (WGA) of marine photosynthetic eukaryote populations},
	journal = {FEMS Microbiology Ecology},
	volume = {76},
	year = {2011},
	note = {tex.mendeley-tags: 2011,rcc,sbr?hyto$_\textrmd$ipo,sbr?hyto?ppo},
	pages = {516{\textendash}523},
	keywords = {2011, PICOFUNPAC, rcc, SBR$_\textrmP$hyto$_\textrmD$PO, SBR$_\textrmP$hyto$_\textrmE$PPO, sbr?hyto$_\textrmd$ipo, sbr?hyto?ppo},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1574-6941.2011.01072.x},
	author = {Lepere, Cecile and Demura, M and Kawachi, M and Romac, S and Probert, I and Vaulot, D}
}
@article {Franklin2010,
	title = {Dimethylsulphoniopropionate (DMSP), DMSP-lyase activity (DLA) and dimethylsulphide (DMS) in 10 species of coccolithophore},
	journal = {Marine Ecology-Progress Series},
	volume = {410},
	year = {2010},
	note = {ISBN: 0171-8630 tex.mendeley-tags: 2010,rcc},
	pages = {13{\textendash}23},
	abstract = {We investigated dimethylsulphoniopropionate (DMSP) quota (pg DMSP cell(-1)), intracellular DMSP concentration (mM), in vitro and in vivo DMSP-lyase activity (DLA) and dimethylsulphide (DMS) concentration in batch cultures of 10 species of coccolithophore. Species were chosen to span the phylogenetic and size range that exists within the coccolithophores. Our overall objective was to examine if Emiliania huxleyi, considered a {\textquoteright}model{\textquoteright} coccolithophore species, is representative in terms of DMSP, DLA and DMS, because other coccolithophores contribute substantially to phyto-plankton biomass and carbon fluxes in temperate and tropical waters. DMSP was found in all species, and DMSP quotas correlated significantly with cell volume, reflecting the fundamental physiological role of DMSP as a compatible solute in this group. This DMSP quota-cell volume relationship can be used to calculate the relative contribution of different species to total DMSP. Lowered nutrient availability (batch growth at a 10-fold lower nutrient concentration) did not significantly affect DMSP quota. In contrast to DMSP, DLA and DMS concentration were variable between the subset of species investigated. Coccolithophore DLA is known only in E. huxleyi and Gephyrocapsa oceanica, and we found DLA to be restricted to these closely related species. If DLA is restricted to a subset of coccolithophores, then those species are more likely to emit DMS directly in the sea. Our results indicate that in ecosystems where coccolithophores form stable populations, species other than E. huxleyi can make significant contributions to the particulate DMSP pool and hence to the amount of DMSP potentially available to the microbial loop.},
	keywords = {2010, rcc, SBR$_\textrmP$hyto$_\textrmE$PPO},
	doi = {10.3354/meps08596},
	author = {Franklin, D J and Steinke, M and Young, J and Probert, I and Malin, G}
}
@article {Frada2010,
	title = {A guide to extant coccolithophores (Calcihaptophycidae, Haptophyta) using light microscopy.},
	journal = {Journal of Nannoplankton Research},
	volume = {31},
	year = {2010},
	note = {tex.mendeley-tags: 2010,rcc,sbr?hyto?ppo},
	pages = {58{\textendash}112},
	keywords = {2010, ? No DOI found, rcc, SBR$_\textrmP$hyto$_\textrmE$PPO, sbr?hyto?ppo},
	author = {Frada, Miguel and Young, Jeremy and Cach{\~a}o, M{\'a}rio and Lino, S{\'\i}lvia and Martins, Ana and Narciso, {\'A}urea and Probert, Ian and de Vargas, Colomban}
}
@article {Siano2010,
	title = {Pelagodinium gen. nov. and P. beii comb. nov., a dinoflagellate symbiont of planktonic foraminifera},
	journal = {Protist},
	volume = {161},
	year = {2010},
	note = {tex.mendeley-tags: 2010,rcc,rcc1491,sbr?hyto?ppo},
	pages = {385{\textendash}399},
	abstract = {The taxonomic status of the free-living stage of the dinoflagellate Gymnodinium b{\'e}ii, symbiont of the foraminifer Orbulina universa, was reassessed on the basis of detailed morpho-genetic analyses. Electron microscopy observations revealed previously undescribed morphological features of the cell that are important for species recognition. The presence of a single elongated apical vesicle (EAV) ornamented with a row of small knobs, absent in species of the genus Gymnodinium, calls into question the current taxonomic position of the symbiont. The presence of a type E extraplastidial eyespot, the arrangement of the amphiesmal vesicles in series and the absence of trichocysts confirm the affiliation with other symbiotic dinoflagellates and certain genetically related non-symbiotic genera, all belonging to the order Suessiales. The arrangement of the series of vesicles of the analyzed strain is unique within the Suessiales, and the ultrastructure of the pyrenoid is different from other symbiotic dinoflagellates. A large subunit (LSU) rDNA phylogenetic analysis confirmed that the analyzed pelagic symbiont clusters in an independent, well-supported clade within the Suessiales with other sequences of symbiotic dinoflagellates extracted from planktonic foraminifera. Hence a novel genus, Pelagodinium gen. nov., is erected for this pelagic, symbiotic dinoflagellate, and Gymnodinium b{\'e}ii is reclassified as Pelagodinium b{\'e}ii.},
	keywords = {2010, ASSEMBLE, rcc, rcc1491, SBR$_\textrmP$hyto$_\textrmE$PPO, sbr?hyto?ppo},
	doi = {10.1016/j.protis.2010.01.002},
	author = {Siano, R and Montresor, M and Probert, I and Not, F and de Vargas, C}
}
@article {Minge2010,
	title = {A phylogenetic mosaic plastid proteome and unusual plastid-targeting signals in the green-colored dinoflagellate Lepidodinium chlorophorum},
	journal = {BMC Evolutionary Biology},
	volume = {10},
	year = {2010},
	note = {ISBN: 1471-2148 tex.mendeley-tags: 2010,rcc},
	pages = {191},
	abstract = {Background: Plastid replacements through secondary endosymbioses include massive transfer of genes from the endosymbiont to the host nucleus and require a new targeting system to enable transport of the plastid-targeted proteins across 3-4 plastid membranes. The dinoflagellates are the only eukaryotic lineage that has been shown to have undergone several plastid replacement events, and this group is thus highly relevant for studying the processes involved in plastid evolution. In this study, we analyzed the phylogenetic origin and N-terminal extensions of plastid-targeted proteins from Lepidodinium chlorophorum, a member of the only dinoflagellate genus that harbors a green secondary plastid rather than the red algal-derived, peridinin-containing plastid usually found in photosynthetic dinoflagellates. Results: We sequenced 4,746 randomly picked clones from a L. chlorophorum cDNA library. 22 of the assembled genes were identified as genes encoding proteins functioning in plastids. Some of these were of green algal origin. This confirms that genes have been transferred from the plastid to the host nucleus of L. chlorophorum and indicates that the plastid is fully integrated as an organelle in the host. Other nuclear-encoded plastid-targeted protein genes, however, are clearly not of green algal origin, but have been derived from a number of different algal groups, including dinoflagellates, streptophytes, heterokonts, and red algae. The characteristics of N-terminal plastid-targeting peptides of all of these genes are substantially different from those found in peridinin-containing dinoflagellates and green algae. Conclusions: L. chlorophorum expresses plastid-targeted proteins with a range of different origins, which probably arose through endosymbiotic gene transfer (EGT) and horizontal gene transfer (HGT). The N-terminal extension of the genes is different from the extensions found in green alga and other dinoflagellates (peridinin- and haptophyte plastids). These modifications have likely enabled the mosaic proteome of L. chlorophorum.},
	keywords = {2010, rcc, SBR$_\textrmP$hyto$_\textrmE$PPO},
	doi = {10.1186/1471-2148-10-191},
	author = {Minge, M A and Shalchian-Tabrizi, K and Torresen, O K and Takishita, K and Probert, I and Inagaki, Y and Klaveness, D and Jakobsen, K S}
}
@article {Liu2010,
	title = {A timeline of the environmental genetics of the haptophytes},
	journal = {Molecular Biology and Evolution},
	volume = {27},
	year = {2010},
	note = {tex.mendeley-tags: 2010,rcc,sbr?hyto?ppo},
	pages = {171{\textendash}176},
	abstract = {The use of genomic data and the rise of phylogenomics have radically changed our view of the eukaryotic tree of life at a high taxonomic level by identifying four to six "supergroups". Yet our understanding of the evolution of key innovations within each of these supergroups is limited because of poor species sampling relative to the massive diversity encompassed by each supergroup. Here we apply a multigene approach that incorporates a wide taxonomic diversity to infer the timeline of the emergence of strategic evolutionary transitions in the haptophytes, a group of ecologically and biogeochemically significant marine protists that belong to the Chromalveolata supergroup. Four genes (SSU, LSU, tufA and rbcL) were extensively analyzed under several Bayesian models to assess the robustness of the phylogeny, particularly with respect to (i) data partitioning, (ii) the origin of the genes (host vs. endosymbiont), (iii) across-site rate variation and (iv) across-lineage rate variation. We show with a relaxed clock analysis that the origin of haptophytes dates back to 824 MYA (95\% highest probability density 1031-637 MYA). Our dating results show that the ability to calcify evolved earlier than previously thought, between 329-291 MYA, in the Carboniferous period, and that the transition from mixotrophy to autotrophy occurred during the same time period. Although these two transitions precede a habitat change of major diversities from coastal / neritic waters to the pelagic realm (291-243 MYA, around the P/Tr boundary event), the emergence of calcification, full autotrophy and oceanic lifestyle seem mutually independent.},
	keywords = {2010, rcc, SBR$_\textrmP$hyto$_\textrmE$PPO, sbr?hyto?ppo},
	doi = {10.1093/molbev/msp222},
	url = {http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/msp222v1},
	author = {Liu, Hui and Aris-Brosou, Stephane and Probert, Ian and de Vargas, Colomban}
}
@article {Liu2009,
	title = {Extreme diversity in noncalcifying haptophytes explains a major pigment paradox in open oceans},
	journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
	volume = {106},
	year = {2009},
	note = {tex.mendeley-tags: 2009,rcc,sbr?hyto?ppo},
	pages = {12803{\textendash}12808},
	keywords = {2009, rcc, SBR$_\textrmP$hyto$_\textrmE$PPO, sbr?hyto?ppo},
	doi = {10.1073/pnas.0905841106},
	author = {Liu, H and Probert, I and Uitz, J and Claustre, H and Aris-Brossou, S and Frada, M and Not, F and de Vargas, C}
}
@article {Worden2009,
	title = {Green evolution and dynamic adaptations revealed by genomes of the marine picoeukaryotes Micromonas},
	journal = {Science},
	volume = {324},
	year = {2009},
	note = {tex.mendeley-tags: RCC299,RCC827},
	pages = {268{\textendash}272},
	abstract = {The photosynthetic picoeukaryote Micromonas thrives from tropical to polar marine ecosystems and belongs to an anciently diverged sister clade to land plants. We sequenced genomes from two Micromonas isolates (22 Mb, CCMP1545; 21 Mb, RCC299) and the results improve understanding of their ecology and green-lineage evolution. Despite high 18S rDNA sequence identity, only 90\% of their predicted genes were shared. Novel intronic repeat elements in CCMP1545, otherwise found only in metagenomic data, and unique riboswitch arrangements emphasized their independent evolutionary paths. Phylogenomic profiles revealed putative ancestral features, but also indicated selection/acquisition processes are actively shaping a {\textquoteleft}unique{\textquoteright} gene pool in each differently than {\textquoteleft}core{\textquoteright} genes. Current climate-change trajectories are predicted to produce conditions favoring picophytoplankton, making Micromonas potential indicators of biological change in ocean ecosystems.},
	keywords = {rcc, RCC299, RCC827, SBR$_\textrmP$hyto$_\textrmD$PO, SBR$_\textrmP$hyto$_\textrmE$PPO},
	doi = {10.1126/science.1167222},
	author = {Worden, A Z and Lee, J.- H and Mock, T and Rouz{\'e}, P and Simmons, M P and Aerts, A L and Allen, A E and Cuvelier, M L and Derelle, E and Everett, M V and Foulon, E and Grimwood, J and Gundlach, H and Henrissat, B and Napoli, C and McDonald, S M and Parker, M S and Rombauts, S and Salamov, A and Von Dassow, P and Badger, J H and Coutinho, P M and Demir, E and Dubchak, I and Gentemann, C and Eikrem, W and Gready, J E and John, U and Lanier, W and Lindquist, E A and Lucas, S and Mayer, K F X and Moreau, H and Not, F and Otillar, R and Panaud, O and Pangilinan, J and Paulsen, I and Piegu, B and Poliakov, A and Robbens, S and Schmutz, J and Toulza, E and Wyss, T and Zelensky, A and Zhou, K and Armbrust, E V and Bhattacharya, D and Goodenough, U W and Van de Peer, Y and Grigoriev, I V}
}
@article {Wolhowe2009,
	title = {Growth phase dependent hydrogen isotopic fractionation in alkenone-producing haptophytes},
	journal = {Biogeosciences},
	volume = {6},
	number = {8},
	year = {2009},
	note = {ISBN: 1726-4170 tex.mendeley-tags: 2009,rcc},
	pages = {1681{\textendash}1694},
	abstract = {Recent works have investigated use of the hydrogen isotopic composition Of C-37 alkenones (delta D-K37s), lipid biomarkers of certain haptophyte microalgae, as an independent paleosalinity proxy. We discuss herein the factors impeding the success of such an application and identify the potential alternative use of delta D-K37s measurements as a proxy for non-thermal, physiological stress impacts on the U-37(K{\textquoteright}) paleotemperature index. Batch-culture experiments with the haptophyte Emiliania huxleyi (CCMP 1742) were conducted to determine the magnitude and variability of the isotopic contrasts between individual C-37 alkenones. Further experiments were conducted with Emiliania huxleyi (CCMP 1742) and Gephyrocapsa oceanica (PZ3-1) to determine whether, and to what extent, delta D-K37s varies between the physiological extremes of nutrient-replete exponential growth and nutrient-depleted senescence. Emiliania huxleyi was observed to exhibit an isotopic contrast between di- and tri-unsaturated C-37 alkenones (alpha(K37:3-K37:2)approximate to 0.97) that is nearly identical to that reported recently by others for environmental samples. Furthermore, this contrast appears to be constant with growth stage. The consistency of the offset across different growth stages suggests that a single, well-defined value for alpha(K37:3-K37:2) may exist and that its use in an isotope mass-balance will allow accurate determination of delta D values for individual alkenones without having to rely on time- and labor-intensive chemical separations. The isotopic fractionation between growth medium and C-37 alkenones was observed to increase dramatically upon the onset of nutrient-depletion-induced senescence, suggesting that delta D-K37s, may serve as an objective tool for recognizing and potentially correcting, at least semi-quantitatively, for the effects of nutrient stress on U-37(K{\textquoteright}) temperature records.},
	keywords = {2009, rcc, RCC1300, SBR$_\textrmP$hyto$_\textrmE$PPO},
	doi = {10.5194/bg-6-1681-2009},
	author = {Wolhowe, M D and Prahl, F G and Probert, I and Maldonado, M}
}
@article {Monier2009,
	title = {Horizontal gene transfer of an entire metabolic pathway between a eukaryotic alga and its DNA virus},
	journal = {Genome Research},
	volume = {19},
	year = {2009},
	note = {tex.mendeley-tags: 2009,rcc,sbr?hyto?ppo},
	pages = {1441{\textendash}1449},
	keywords = {2009, rcc, SBR$_\textrmP$hyto$_\textrmE$PPO, sbr?hyto?ppo},
	doi = {10.1101/gr.091686.109},
	author = {Monier, A and Pagarete, A and Allen, M J and Read, B A and de Vargas, C and Claverie, J M and Ogata, H}
}
@article {Richier2009,
	title = {Light-dependent transcriptional regulation of genes of biogeochemical interest in the diploid and haploid life cycle stages of Emiliania huxleyi},
	journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology},
	volume = {75},
	year = {2009},
	note = {Edition: 2009/03/24 ISBN: 1098-5336 (Electronic) tex.mendeley-tags: 2009,rcc,sbr?hyto?ppo},
	pages = {3366{\textendash}3369},
	abstract = {The expression of genes of biogeochemical interest in calcifying and noncalcifying life stages of the coccolithophore Emiliania huxleyi was investigated. Transcripts potentially involved in calcification were tested through a light-dark cycle. These transcripts were more abundant in calcifying cells and were upregulated in the light. Their application as potential candidates for in situ biogeochemical proxies is also suggested.},
	keywords = {2009, rcc, SBR$_\textrmP$hyto$_\textrmE$PPO, sbr?hyto?ppo},
	doi = {10.1128/aem.02737-08},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve\&db=PubMed\&dopt=Citation\&list_uids=19304825},
	author = {Richier, S and Kerros, M E and de Vargas, C and Haramaty, L and Falkowski, P G and Gattuso, J P}
}
@article {Langer2009,
	title = {Strain-specific responses of Emiliania huxleyi to changing seawater carbonate chemistry},
	journal = {Biogeosciences},
	volume = {6},
	number = {11},
	year = {2009},
	note = {ISBN: 1726-4170 tex.mendeley-tags: 2009,rcc},
	pages = {2637{\textendash}2646},
	abstract = {Four strains of the coccolithophore E. huxleyi (RCC1212, RCC1216, RCC1238, RCC1256) were grown in dilute batch culture at four CO2 levels ranging from similar to 200 mu atm to similar to 1200 mu atm. Growth rate, particulate organic carbon content, and particulate inorganic carbon content were measured, and organic and inorganic carbon production calculated. The four strains did not show a uniform response to carbonate chemistry changes in any of the analysed parameters and none of the four strains displayed a response pattern previously described for this species. We conclude that the sensitivity of different strains of E. huxleyi to acidification differs substantially and that this likely has a genetic basis. We propose that this can explain apparently contradictory results reported in the literature.},
	keywords = {2009, rcc, SBR$_\textrmP$hyto$_\textrmE$PPO},
	doi = {10.5194/bg-6-2637-2009},
	author = {Langer, G and Nehrke, G and Probert, I and Ly, J and Ziveri, P}
}
@article {VonDassow2009,
	title = {Transcriptome analysis of functional differentiation between haploid and diploid cells of Emiliania huxleyi, a globally significant photosynthetic calcifying cell},
	journal = {Genome Biology},
	volume = {10},
	number = {10},
	year = {2009},
	note = {tex.mendeley-tags: 2009,rcc,rcc1216,rcc1217,sbr?hyto?ppo},
	pages = {R114},
	abstract = {BACKGROUND:Eukaryotes are classified as either haplontic, diplontic, or haplo-diplontic, depending on which ploidy levels undergo mitotic cell division in the life cycle. Emiliania huxleyi is one of the most abundant phytoplankton species in the ocean, playing an important role in global carbon fluxes, and represents haptophytes, an enigmatic group of unicellular organisms that diverged early in eukaryotic evolution. This species is haplo-diplontic. Little is known about the haploid cells, but they have been hypothesized to allow persistence of the species between the yearly blooms of diploid cells. We sequenced over 38000 Expressed Sequence Tags (ESTs) from haploid and diploid E. huxleyi normalized cDNA libraries to identify genes involved in important processes specific to each life phase (2N calcification or 1N motility), and to better understand the haploid phase of this prominent haplo-diplontic organism.RESULTS:The haploid and diploid transcriptomes showed a dramatic differentiation, with [almost equal to]20\% greater transcriptome richness in diploid cells than in haploid cells and only [less than or equal to]50\% of transcripts estimated to be common between the two phases. The major functional category of transcripts differentiating haploids included signal transduction and motility genes. Diploid-specific transcripts included Ca2+, H+, and HCO3- pumps. Potential factors differentiating the transcriptomes included haploid-specific Myb transcription factor homologs and an unusual diploid-specific histone H4 homolog.CONCLUSIONS:This study permitted the identification of genes likely involved in diploid-specific biomineralization, haploid-specific motility, and transcriptional control. Greater transcriptome richness in diploid cells suggests they may be more versatile for exploiting a diversity of rich environments whereas haploid cells are intrinsically more streamlined.},
	keywords = {2009, rcc, RCC1216, rcc1217, SBR$_\textrmP$hyto$_\textrmE$PPO, sbr?hyto?ppo},
	doi = {10.1186/gb-2009-10-10-r114},
	url = {http://genomebiology.com/2009/10/10/R114},
	author = {von Dassow, Peter and Ogata, Hiroyuki and Probert, Ian and Wincker, Patrick and Da Silva, Corinne and Audic, St{\'e}phane and Claverie, Jean-Michel and de Vargas, Colomban}
}
@article {Frada2008,
	title = {The {\textquotedblleft}Cheshire Cat{\textquotedblright} escape strategy of the coccolithophore Emiliania huxleyi in response to viral infection},
	journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
	volume = {105},
	year = {2008},
	note = {tex.mendeley-tags: 2008,rcc,sbr?hyto?ppo},
	pages = {15944{\textendash}15949},
	abstract = {The coccolithophore is one of the most successful eukaryotes in modern oceans. The two phases in its haplodiploid life cycle exhibit radically different phenotypes. The diploid calcified phase forms extensive blooms, which profoundly impact global biogeochemical equilibria. By contrast, the ecological role of the noncalcified haploid phase has been completely overlooked. Giant phycodnaviruses ( viruses, EhVs) have been shown to infect and lyse diploid-phase cells and to be heavily implicated in the regulation of populations and the termination of blooms. Here, we demonstrate that the haploid phase of is unrecognizable and therefore resistant to EhVs that kill the diploid phase. We further show that exposure of diploid to EhVs induces transition to the haploid phase. Thus we have clearly demonstrated a drastic difference in viral susceptibility between life cycle stages with different ploidy levels in a unicellular eukaryote. Resistance of the haploid phase of provides an escape mechanism that involves separation of meiosis from sexual fusion in time, thus ensuring that genes of dominant diploid clones are passed on to the next generation in a virus-free environment. These {\^a}{\texteuro}{\oe}Cheshire Cat{\^a}{\texteuro} ecological dynamics release host evolution from pathogen pressure and thus can be seen as an opposite force to a classic {\^a}{\texteuro}{\oe}Red Queen{\^a}{\texteuro} coevolutionary arms race. In , this phenomenon can account for the fact that the selective balance is tilted toward the boom-and-bust scenario of optimization of both growth rates of calcifying cells and infectivity of EhVs.},
	keywords = {2008, rcc, SBR$_\textrmP$hyto$_\textrmE$PPO, sbr?hyto?ppo},
	doi = {10.1073/pnas.0807707105},
	author = {Frada, Miguel and Probert, Ian and Allen, Michael J and Wilson, William H and de Vargas, Colomban}
}
@article {Probert2007a,
	title = {Light and electron microscope observations of Algirosphaera robusta (Prymnesiophyceae)},
	journal = {Journal of Phycology},
	volume = {43},
	year = {2007},
	note = {tex.mendeley-tags: 2007,rcc},
	pages = {319{\textendash}332},
	keywords = {2007, rcc, SBR$_\textrmP$hyto$_\textrmE$PPO},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1529-8817.2007.00324.x},
	author = {Probert, I and Fresnel, J and Billard, C and Geisen, Markus and Young, J R}
}
